https://doi.org/10.3920/WMJ2020.2599, Kassie, M., Wossen, T., De Groote, H., Tefera, T., Sevgan, S., & Balew, S. (2020). AACC International Press, Oxford, pp. (2020). Food Security, 11, 389404. Globally, more than two-thirds of maize area is planted to conventional improved maize (i.e., not Genetically Modified, non-GM). World Bank Commodities Price Data (The Pink Sheet). Create a formula Journal of Peasant Studies, 35, 335352. (2021). It also reflects an increased interest in the outcomes of agri-food systems, be it in terms of food & nutrition, environmental sustainability & resilience, and livelihoods & inclusiveness, and the potential to improve on these through agri-food systems transformation. . Maize is cross-pollinated and opened the prospects of hybrid vigor (heterosis), whereby the progeny of crosses between diverse inbred parents is superior to the parents. Globally, maize is known for highest genetic yield potential among the cereals. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645698.2020.1779574, Brookes, G., & Dinh, T. X. floor prices, subsidies, import barriers) increase domestic market prices relative to world market prices and can boost domestic production as observed in China (Qian et al., 2015). Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1312, 6675. There is thus not only the need to better understand agri-food systems but also to monitor their transformation (Fanzo et al., 2021) with important feedback and learning implications. http://www.fao.org/cfs/cfs-hlpe/reports/en/, IFAD. Maize Production - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Cattle feed making machinery | Animal feed processing line| Silage Feed Mixing. It complements more recent work that included maize but had a narrower focus on regional value chains (Grote et al., 2021) or agri-nutrition (Poole et al., 2021). Challenges of the maize seed industry in eastern and southern Africa: A compelling case for private-public intervention to promote growth. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009763706114, Bright, E. A., Rose, A. N., Urban, M. L., & McKee, J., (2018). How to make cattle feed using maize corn Energy is one of the important foundations of fattening cattle's nutrition. Maizes nutritional quality can be enhanced further through biofortification (Prasanna et al., 2020) and industrial fortification (Pea-Rosas et al., 2014) although this is dependent on the consumption pathway (Gwirtz & Garcia-Casal, 2014). Animal food is designed to compensate for nutrients and supplements that may be absent from an animals natural diets. Computer software. "Cereal inclusions in animal feed rations remain down year-on-year." For 2022/23, total cereals demand for feed is estimated at 12.387Mt, down 162Kt from March's estimate and 742Kt lower on the year; it is at its lowest level since 2016/17, confirmed the AHDB team. PDF Sweet Potato as Animal Feed and Fodder - Global Science Books In Kenya, about 10% of the gross domestic product (GDP) and over 30% of the https://doi.org/10.1080/15228860903303932, Hellin, J., Krishna, V. V., Erenstein, O., & Boeber, C. (2015). https://doi.org/10.1093/aepp/ppq033, Wright, B. D. (2012). The manufacturing process is simple. The concept originated from the need to develop and target improved germplasm to relatively homogenous production environments defined on an agro-climatic basis and thereby manage genotype-by-environment interactions and facilitate extrapolation. The Americas stand out as the worlds largest exporter (80M t), but also include substantive importers within the region, Mexico being a case in point. Vested interests can thereby narrow options for smallholders and undermine the development of adaptive capacities (Brooks, 2014). AACC International Press, Oxford, pp. Google Scholar, Drechsler, D. (2021). usually account for 10-40% of the energy obtained from feed in cattle, 40-85% in pigs and 5-25% in sheep and goats. In addition, the maize plant is also variously used as feed including in its green form as green forage and for silage (Heuz et al., 2017a, 2017b). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2018.01.016, Martinez, E. L., & Fernandez, F. J. Compared to wheat and rice, maize is a more versatile multi-purpose crop. At the same time concerns have been raised about the affordability of sustainable and nutritious diets (Hirvonen et al., 2020) and thereby the need for affordable staple foods like maize (Poole et al., 2021). (2021). International Grain Reserves And Other Instruments to Address Volatility in Grain Markets. Since its domestication some 9,000years ago, maize (Zea mays L.; corn) has played an increasing and diverse role in global agri-food systems. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811971-6.00023-1, Marenya, P. P., Erenstein, O., Prasanna, B., Makumbi, D., Jumbo, M., & Beyene, Y. It has relatively short vegetative cycle (4-5 months). Together, the three big global staple cereals wheat, rice, maize comprise a major component of the human diet, accounting for an estimated 42 percent of the worlds food calories and 37 percent of protein intake (average 201618, FAOStat, 2021). Smith) in maize production areas of Kenya. Technical considerations for maize flour and corn meal fortification in public health: Consultation rationale and summary. Unless the fisheries biologist understands and specifies the activities of the feed mill and its laboratory, profitable fish farming will be a matter of chance. 216 million maize farms, Erenstein et al., 2021). (Eds. Maize cultivated for forage accounts for an additional 16.8Mha annually (Heuz et al., 2017b), with maize silage becoming the prevalent source of maize forage for livestock. SarTec manufactures a line of yucca-based products that have wide-spread use from the golf-course to the cattle industry. Journal of New Seeds, 10, 245263. (2011). Such analysis would need to go beyond the current maize mega-environments (which reflect rainfed maize potential based on temperature and rainfall) and include additional considerations (e.g. irrigated maize in Egypt; winter season maize in South Asia). Environmental Research Letters, 8, 014046. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/014046, Fader, M., Rulli, M. C., Carr, J., DellAngelo, J., DOdorico, P., Gephart, J. It is an established and important human food crop in a number of countries, especially in SSA, Latin America, and a few countries in Asia, where maize consumed as human food contributes over 20% of food calories (Shiferaw et al., 2011). . https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-013-9566-z, Kennett, D. J., Prufer, K. M., Culleton, B. J., George, R. J., Robinson, M., Trask, W. R., Buckley, G. M., Moes, E., Kate, E. J., Harper, T. K., ODonnell, L., Ray, E. E., Hill, E. C., Alsgaard, A., Merriman, C., Meredith, C., Edgar, H. J. H., Awe, J. J., & Gutierrez, S. M. (2020). Improved maize germplasm plays a particular prominent role in the advent of maize across the global agri-food system. Environmental Science & Technology, 46, 63796384. Lessons from the new Green Revolution in Malawi and Kenya. In sum, maize is set to become the most widely internationally traded cereal reflecting the marked spatial disparity between supply and demand, linking aggregate surplus production in the Americas and Europe and aggregate deficits in Asia and Africa. The USA and China dominate maize production, with varying contributions from other geographies. We review maize production, consumption, and international trade to examine the changing trends in global supply and demand conditions over the past quarter century.Footnote 1 We then reflect on the implications for maize research and development (R&D) within the context of agri-food system transformation, with an emphasis on the Global South. Agri-nutrition research: Revisiting the contribution of maize and wheat to human nutrition and health. To estimate and map maize calorie supply (and demand) we build on and modify the work done by Kinnunen et al. Redefining agricultural yields: From tonnes to people nourished per hectare. Journal of Food Products Marketing, 26, 564579. https://population.un.org/wpp/, Valbuena, D., Erenstein, O., Homann-Kee Tui, S., Abdoulaye, T., Claessens, L., Duncan, A. J., Gerard, B., Rufino, M. C., Teufel, N., van Rooyen, A., & van Wijk, M. T. (2012). R&D investments in making maize production more environmentally sustainable and resilient while adapting to climate change provide one avenue that is increasingly recognized, particularly in the Global South. (Ed. Tradeoffs around crop residue biomass in smallholder crop-livestock systems Whats next? (2010). (Eds. In absolute numbers, SSA (particularly driven by Burkina Faso, Eswatini, Togo, Lesotho, Mali) and the Americas (particularly driven by Paraguay, Cuba, Uruguay, Peru, Chile) reported increases of some 10kg per capita annual maize food consumption since the 1960s (Fig. Major cereal grains production and use around the world. The price oscillations over the last decade largely track the pattern of urea fertilizer (Fig. 45, El Batan, 56237, Texcoco, CP, Mexico, Olaf Erenstein,Kai Sonder&Khondoker Mottaleb, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Nairobi, Kenya, You can also search for this author in Which farms feed the world and has farmland become more concentrated? feed use and nutrient tradeBouwman & Booij, 1998; food milesKinnunen et al., 2020). FAO Statistics Division (ESS), Rome. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kft132. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-5436.2011.00232.x, Scott, P., Pratt, R. C., Hoffman, N., & Montgomery, R. (2019). A., & van Wijk, M. T. (2016). In: Serna-Saldivar, S.O. Maize requires an estimated 1222 L of water per kg of product, which compares favourably to other staple cereals (Mekonnen & Gerbens-Leenes, 2020). Maize cobs meal suitable as livestock feed - All About Feed Increases in rice production also relied on a combination of yield and area increases, whereas wheat solely relied on substantive yield increase with a largely stagnant area (Table 1). ), Crop Variety Improvement and its Effect on Productivity: The Impact of International Agricultural Research. A quarter century ago, the top maize net-exporting countries globally included the USA, France, Argentina, China and South Africa, each exporting 145M t/year (TE1995, FAOStat, 2021). This has led to increasing calls to increase nitrogen use efficiency and respecting nitrogen-boundaries (Chang et al., 2021). This exacerbates soil organic carbon losses and land degradation, expands the agricultural frontier and potentially encroaches onto fragile ecosystems (Pelletier et al., 2020). Maize grain is the third most consumed cereal as human food after rice and wheat (direct pathway, processed or unprocessed). Given maizes dual food-feed pathway, maize provides a good and challenging case to expand such research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.njas.2014.05.008, Alvarez, F., Manalo, A., & Clarete, R. (2021). The twentieth century saw the development and commercialization of the hybrid maize technology, originally in the USA and then spreading across the world to Latin America, Asia, Europe, and Africa (Byerlee, 2020). http://www.fao.org/faostat, Frelat, R., Lopez-Ridaura, S., Giller, K. E., Herrero, M., Douxchamps, S., Djurfeldt, A. ISAAA, Ithaca, NY. For invisible or less observable traits like quality protein maize (QPM) or high-Zinc maize, this could impose significant challenges (Hellin & Erenstein, 2009). How To Make Cattle Feed Best 2 Cattle Feed Ingredient Formula At the same time care is needed not to encourage overextending maizes reach for instance, other dryland cereals may provide more resilient options in semi-arid environments. The global maize area (for dry grain) amounts to 197Mha, including substantive areas in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), Asia and Latin America (FAOStat, 2021). (2021). It is a versatile multi-purpose crop; although primarily used as feed globally, it continues to be an important food crop in SSA and Latin America, and has several non-food uses globally. (2020). If grain maize cannot be grown it could be assumed that similar effects would be seen by including maize meal (dried) in cereal beef diets to improve DLWGs and The potential impacts of climate change on maize production in Africa and Latin America in 2055. Reference here to maizes (human) food pathway encompasses the use of maize in food products (processed or unprocessed) and their direct consumption as food by humans. starch, protein, oil, and fibre), with such (co-)products often being processed further before use (Gwirtz & Garcia-Casal, 2014). https://www.fao.org/3/i2697e/i2697e.pdf, Gwirtz, J. Water, 12, 2696. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12102696, Miller, J. D. (2008). Since the mid-1990s, there is increased use of maize seed with biotechnological traits (e.g. Global maize use is set for continued growth. Climate change is set to further exacerbate the occurrence and impacts of biotic stresses, such as diseases and insect-pests, driving the emergence of new threats (Burdon & Zhan, 2020; Deutsch et al., 2018). Crops that feed the world 6. Nature Food, 2, 104109. Conservation Agriculture in mixed crop-livestock systems: Scoping crop residue trade-offs in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. drought tolerance, Krishna et al., 2021). aflatoxins) with adverse health impacts for humans (and animals) consuming contaminated maize-based food (and feeds -Loy & Lundy, 2019; Miller, 2008; Munkvold et al., 2019; Wu et al., 2013). (2019). Part of Springer Nature. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 7, 247271. Seeding eastern Africas maize revolution in the post-structural adjustment era: a review and comparative analysis of the formal maize seed sector. The mega-environments have implications for the types of maize grown (e.g. (2020). Source: FAOStat (2021), Production share of maize by region, TE2019. (Eds. Maize Seed Industries in Developing Countries. https://www.fao.org/economic/the-statistics-division-ess/methodology/methodology-systems/crops-statistics-concepts-definitions-and-classifications/en/, FAO & CIMMYT. Indias Poultry Revolution: The Rapid Growth of the Poultry Industry and Implications for its Sustenance and the Global Poultry Trade. Advances in Nutrition: An International Review Journal, 2, 217224. In addition, by-products of maize grain processing for non-food uses, maize stover as by-product of grain production and forage/silage maize provide important feed sources to derive animal-sourced foods. As specialization and market integration increases the livestock feed pathway tends to increase in importance. Cereals: maize, barley, oat, wheat, triticale, rye and sorghum 2. (2005). It is already the leading cereal in terms of production volume and is set to become the most widely grown crop in terms of area in the coming decade. The reported food use only encompasses the direct pathway of consuming dry maize grain in food products (processed or unprocessed).Footnote 4 Much of the maize grain used as feed is used to derive animal-sourced foods and thereby provides an indirect consumption pathway.Footnote 5 For instance, 3kg of human-edible feed (primarily maize grain and soy) potentially produces 1kg of boneless meat (on average requiring 2.8kg in ruminant systems and 3.2kg in monogastric systems -Mottet et al., 2017). The tripartite contribution generates important synergies, each enhancing the impact of the other and thereby focus on one cannot simply substitute for the other. The authors also acknowledge the suggestions from reviewers which have helped shape the final version.